This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.In Studies on Hysteria, Freud and Breuer formulated the psychoanalytic theory according to which neuroses have their origins in deeply traumatic and consequently repressed experiences. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Threatened attachment, which first evokes protest aimed at the caretaker-“other,” is then transformed, mainly by identification, into states of shame and guilt that aim at maintaining the attachment. Morality is the affective-cognitive outcome of attachment. If one permits libido to stand for the attachment emotions, the origin of hostility and morality in a single source becomes a viable hypothesis. Our path might have been easier if Freud had indeed regarded his libido theory as a theory of the emotions (as he said he did in Group Psychology, 1921, p. In this account, libido theory is the centerpiece of the explanation. Hostility arose out of frustrated libido sublimations and reaction formations of hostility (although in the service of the “ego-instincts”) also made use of the energy of the sexual instincts to deflect them into social and moral purposes. Moreover, the origin of these counterforces was at first located in the sexual instincts themselves (see Chapter 4) as sublimations and reaction formations of the sexual instincts.
In his clinical papers, as well as in his books on dreams and jokes, “disgust, shame, and morality” were simply the counterforces against which sexual longings (libido) contended. It was only after his major clinical accounts had been written that Freud undertook a study of the origins of guilt in Totem and Taboo. Freud’s interest in the origins of guilt came relatively late in his work, as he himself acknowledged (1933).
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